@article{Choi2003Efficient,
    author = {S. G. Choi and R. Mukhtar and J. K. Choi and M. Zukerman},
    title = {Efficient macro mobility management for {GPRS} {IP} networks},
    journal = {Journal of Communications and Networks},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1},
    pages = {55-64},
    month = {Mar.},
    year = {2003},
    abstract = {Mobile IP has several inefficiencies, and was not originally designed for situations where both peers are highly mobile. We present a mobility management solution that retains compatibility with existing Internet protocols, whilst increasing the efficiency of communications between two GPRS mobile hosts. Our proposal eradicates triangle routing and minimizes handoff latency. We show by numerical analysis that the routing optimization improves the performance of TCP controlled data flows, reducing buffering requirements and minimizing the recovery time after a handoff occurs.}
}